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Compute b(z) and a(z) from partial fraction expansion.
If `M` is the degree of numerator `b` and `N` the degree of denominator
`a`::
b(z) b[0] + b[1] z**(-1) + ... + b[M] z**(-M)
H(z) = ------ = ------------------------------------------
a(z) a[0] + a[1] z**(-1) + ... + a[N] z**(-N)
then the partial-fraction expansion H(z) is defined as::
r[0] r[-1]
= --------------- + ... + ---------------- + k[0] + k[1]z**(-1) ...
(1-p[0]z**(-1)) (1-p[-1]z**(-1))
If there are any repeated roots (closer than `tol`), then the partial
fraction expansion has terms like::
r[i] r[i+1] r[i+n-1]
-------------- + ------------------ + ... + ------------------
(1-p[i]z**(-1)) (1-p[i]z**(-1))**2 (1-p[i]z**(-1))**n
This function is used for polynomials in negative powers of z,
such as digital filters in DSP. For positive powers, use `invres`.
Parameters
----------
r : array_like
Residues corresponding to the poles. For repeated poles, the residues
must be ordered to correspond to ascending by power fractions.
p : array_like
Poles. Equal poles must be adjacent.
k : array_like
Coefficients of the direct polynomial term.
tol : float, optional
The tolerance for two roots to be considered equal in terms of
the distance between them. Default is 1e-3. See `unique_roots`
for further details.
rtype : {'avg', 'min', 'max'}, optional
Method for computing a root to represent a group of identical roots.
Default is 'avg'. See `unique_roots` for further details.
Returns
-------
b : ndarray
Numerator polynomial coefficients.
a : ndarray
Denominator polynomial coefficients.
See Also
--------
residuez, unique_roots, invres
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